Benzodiazepines, are some of the most commonly prescribed medications in the United States. These anxiolytics have many well-known side effects, including motor function, blurred vision, confusion, constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, memory problems, nausea, and many more.

In addition to abuse and dependence, other documented risks associated with benzodiazepine use include:

• Motor vehicle accidents. Driving while on benzodiazepines increases the risk of crashes to about the same as the risk of driving with a blood-alcohol level between 0.050% and 0.079% (1) (more than 0.08% is illegal in all states).
• Hip fracture. When taking benzodiazepines, the risk of hip fracture in older people increases by around 50%(1).

Distinctly different from benzodiazepines, DHH-B causes no effect on motor activity or muscle engagement and has been used to wean patients off benzodiazepines. As such, DHH-B may be a suitable option for people struggling with motor systems side effects of benzodiazepines.

(1) https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0815/p224.html#afp20130815p224-b9

Avoid using magnolia during pregnancy.  

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4027495/
Magnolia Extract, Magnolol, and Metabolites: Activation of Cannabinoid CB₂ Receptors and Blockade of the Related GPR55

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33950239/

Extracts from the bark of magnolia have been found to provide protective benefits against numerous neurological problems.

These cover not only brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, but also conditions such asanxiety, mood imbalances, and depression.

In a research involving 40 women aged between 20 and 50, it was discovered that taking 250 mg of a magnolia and phellodendron bark extract three times daily resulted in a substantial reduction in temporary and short-term anxiety compared to a placebo.

Another research of the same magnolia and phellodendron bark extract involving 56 adults found that a daily intake of 500 mg of the extract led to significantly reduced cortisol levels and improved mood.

Cortisol is your body's primary stress hormone. A decrease in cortisol indicates a reduction in overall stress.

However, it's worth noting that the supplement used in these studies included compounds other than just magnolia bark. This suggests that the observed effects cannot be solely attributed to the tree bark.

Lastly, a rodent study showed that a combination of honokiol and magnolol produced antidepressant-like effects, which included an increase in brain serotonin levels and a decrease in corticosterone levels in the blood.

Both corticosterone and serotonin play essential roles in regulating anxiety, mood, and depression.

The active ingredients in the extracts have been identified as the bi-phenolic isomers magnolol and honokiol. These compounds were shown to enhance the activity of GABA_A receptors, consistent with their biological effects.

Some dogs may experience side effects from glucosamine, including the following:

• Gastrointestinal upset (especially when first starting glucosamine supplementation)
• Fatigue
• Bloated stomach

Glucosamine can be detected in a dog’s blood for up to 48 hours.
It should be administered daily, because it is rapidly absorbed, highly distributed, and efficiently excreted.

Even if you’re giving the right dosage in supplements to your dog, they may be getting additional glucosamine from other sources. For example, some brands of kibble contain glucosamine. While a little bit won’t make much of a difference, too much kibble will not only make them overweight but could lead to extra glucosamine in their body. Again, the chances of this being dangerous are extremely slim, but it’s important for optimal effectiveness that they receive the correct dosage.

Another possible way your dog could be getting extra glucosamine is from natural food sources. However, you would know if this was the case, as you would be feeding them raw foods such as chicken feet, oxtails, or shellfish shells. These raw foods are great sources of glucosamine that is very easily absorbed by your dog’s body, but it can be tough to provide these foods to your pup every day, which is why most pet parents choose supplements.

It may take a few weeks to a few months for your dog to experience the full effects and gradual improvements associated with taking a glucosamine supplement

Our joint supplement contains bone broth, made from ground bones with the bone marrow which is high in calcium, very good for bones.

It also contains powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidants which could help as well.

Glucosamine regulates the synthesis of collagen in cartilage and may provide mild anti-inflammatory effects while chondroitin sulfate inhibits destructive enzymes in joint fluid and cartilage

Glucosamine and chondroitin use in canines for osteoarthritis: A review.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5356289/

GSH plays an important role in maintenance of numerous immune functions including lymphocyte proliferation and NK cell activity ^37–39. We found that liposomal GSH administration resulted in increases in both of these activities; lymphocyte proliferation was enhanced up to 60% and as early as 1 wk and NK cell cytotoxicity was increased up to 400% and as early as 2 wk. Further, the time course of these effects on immune function coincided with the observed increases in PBMC GSH content

Oral supplementation with liposomal glutathione elevates body stores of glutathione and markers of immune function.
Raghu Sinha, Indu Sinha, Ana Calcagnotto, Neil Trushin, Jeremy S. Haley, Todd D. Schell, and John P. Richie, Jr.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6389332/

• Glutathione depletion due to aging and toxins can be countered by supplementation. Incorporating glutathione into your daily routine can protect the skin, resulting in a brighter, more youthful complexion.
• Glutathione helps boost the immune system, supports liver cleansing, promotes cardiovascular health, and enhances vital brain functions such as mental focus, clarity, and memory.
• Liposomal glutathione is a great way to improve cellular function, respiration, and oxidation.
• Liposomal glutathione is also a core component to protecting your immune system and aids the cells that are its first line of defense against infections and viruses.

• Continuous and consistent supplementation will result into gradual skin lightening.
• Its dosage and results depend upon body weight as well as color of skin for eg. results visible on Light-medium brown skin: 1-3 months, Dark brown skin: 3-6 months, Very dark skin: 6-12 months & Black skin: 18 months minimum and above.
• A Glutathione efficacy in skin lightening works only if it is taken with Vitamin C at least equal or twice its dosage.

Liposomal Vitamin C is a type of Vitamin C that is better absorbed by the body than regular Vitamin C.
Liposomes are tiny, nano-sized bubbles that mimic the body's own cell membranes.
By protecting and helping Vitamin C travel through the body, liposomes aid and speed absorption.

There are two main reasons for this:

1) our digestive system breaks it down and destroys it in our gut or intestine

2) it’s a water-soluble vitamin so even if it gets past our gut and reaches our cells, it can’t ‘get in’ because it’s incompatible with the fat-based membrane of our cells

For Vitamin C to reach our body’s cells, it must be protected from the digestive system’s juices and ‘presented’ in a fat-friendly form that can pass through our cell membranes.

This can be done by encasing the vitamin C in a protective bubble of fat-based liposomes which will safely pass through the digestive system undamaged. Then, when they reach the body’s cells, they successfully move through the fat-based cell membrane to arrive inside the cells ready to work.

The results of the clinical studies of liposomal vitamin C by oral delivery to be 1.77 times more bioavailable than non-liposomal vitamin C. The liposomal vitamin C demonstrated higher values of C_max, AUC_0-t and AUC_0-∞ related to non-liposomal vitamin C due to liposomal encapsulation.

Evaluation and clinical comparison studies on liposomal and non-liposomal ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and their enhanced bioavailability
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32901526/

Vitamin C can promote good health in several ways by:

• Supporting the immune system
• Reducing tiredness and fatigue
• Helping the nervous system function normally
• Helping the body mitigate and fight off the symptoms of viral infections such as the common cold and ‘flu
• Stimulating the production of infection-fighting white blood cells
• contains powerful antioxidant properties and helps protect against free radical damagehelps healthy brain function and cognition
• cardiovascular and heart health, adrenal, blood circulation & mood
• helps bone density, helps decrease muscle soreness, collagen booster, skin
• helps increase absorption of calcium & iron.

Virtually all our cells depend on vitamin C to some extent: it really is a vital nutrient for optimum health.  And if we’re stressed or unwell, this can deplete our stores even further, so we really have to be vigilant and take vitamin C each day.

Typically, liposomal vitamin C is thought to be 5-10 times more bioavailable (taken up by the body’s cells) compared to traditional vitamin C supplements.  This means that you can achieve optimal results with a smaller dose.

You can take it at any time of day with or without food.  It’s best to drink a glass of water as you take the Liposomal vitamin C.

A recommended dose of 1-1.5g/1000-1500mg of Liposomal vitamin C per day

• Stress & Anxiety Management: Helps regulate the HPA axis (the body’s stress response system), maintaining a calm, focused state during demanding days.
• Muscle Relaxation: Reduces daily tension, cramping, or spasms, particularly for those with physically active routines.
• Energy Production: Supports energy production (ATP), helping to combat fatigue rather than acting as a sedative.
• Consistent Routine: Morning intake makes it easier to remember for daily supplementation. 

• Enhanced Absorption & Bioavailability: Vitamin B6 helps magnesium pass through cell membranes more efficiently, acting as a "chaperone" that ensures tissues actually use the magnesium rather than just excreting it.
• Superior Stress & Anxiety Relief: The combination is highly effective at reducing stress levels, with studies indicating that magnesium and B6 together provide a ~21.9% greater improvement in severe stress compared to magnesium alone.
• Better Mood and PMS Support: B6 aids in the synthesis of neurotransmitters (serotonin, GABA) that regulate mood and anxiety, providing significant relief for PMS symptoms, including irritability and fluid retention.
• Reduced Fatigue & Enhanced Energy: Both nutrients are crucial for energy metabolism; together, they support energy production, reduce fatigue, and aid in muscle recovery for athletes.
• Neuromuscular Function: The pairing is ideal for reducing muscle tension, cramps, and supporting overall nerve health. 

• Enhanced Relaxation and Sleep: Both forms cross the blood-brain barrier effectively to interact with neurotransmitters like GABA, promoting a sense of calm, reducing stress, and improving sleep quality without the typical laxative effect of other magnesium types.
• Cardiovascular Health: Magnesium taurate is particularly effective for heart health, as it aids in maintaining healthy blood pressure, heart rhythm, and improving circulation, often used to help with arrhythmias.
• Superior Bioavailability: Both bisglycinate and taurate are chelated (bound to amino acids), ensuring they are highly absorbable and gentle on the stomach.
• Metabolic Support: The combination may aid in regulating blood sugar levels and improving insulin sensitivity.
• Muscle Function: They support muscle relaxation and recovery, making them effective for reducing cramps and tension. 

• Enhanced Energy Production: The malate (malic acid) component helps convert food into fuel, making it excellent for fighting chronic fatigue and increasing alertness.
• Optimal Absorption: Taken with breakfast, it is generally well-absorbed and gentle on the stomach compared to other forms like citrate.
• Muscle Function & Recovery: It is particularly effective for active individuals or those with fibromyalgia, reducing muscle pain and aiding in morning muscle recovery.
• Mental Clarity: Supports cognitive function throughout the day, avoiding the sluggishness that can occur with bedtime-only supplementation.
• Blood Sugar & Metabolism: It helps regulate blood sugar and supports, which is beneficial to start the day. 

• Chlorophyll: As the green pigment in plants, chlorophyll contains magnesium at its center. This form is often more bioavailable to the human body.
• Vitamin C (High in Kale/Spinach): Vitamin C helps reduce the binding effects of oxalates in spinach, improving magnesium absorption by up to 30-50%.
• Vitamin K (High in Both): Works in tandem with magnesium and calcium to regulate bone mineralization and improve bone health.
• Potassium (High in Both): Supports cardiovascular health by working with magnesium to regulate blood pressure and muscle relaxation.
• B Vitamins/Folate: Work with magnesium in energy production and DNA repair. 

• Higher Mineral Content: Studies suggest organic, leafy greens may provide greater levels of magnesium, vitamin C, and iron, and are often lower in toxic heavy metals and nitrates compared to conventional alternatives.
• Enhanced Antioxidants: Organic produce generally contains higher levels of phenolic compounds and polyphenols, which help protect against inflammation, reducing the overall oxidative stress that drains magnesium stores. 

• Enhanced Absorption & Bioavailability: Vitamin B6 helps magnesium pass through cell membranes more efficiently, acting as a "chaperone" that ensures tissues actually use the magnesium rather than just excreting it.
• Superior Stress & Anxiety Relief: The combination is highly effective at reducing stress levels, with studies indicating that magnesium and B6 together provide a ~21.9% greater improvement in severe stress compared to magnesium alone.
• Better Mood and PMS Support: B6 aids in the synthesis of neurotransmitters (serotonin, GABA) that regulate mood and anxiety, providing significant relief for PMS symptoms, including irritability and fluid retention.
• Reduced Fatigue & Enhanced Energy: Both nutrients are crucial for energy metabolism; together, they support energy production, reduce fatigue, and aid in muscle recovery for athletes.
• Neuromuscular Function: The pairing is ideal for reducing muscle tension, cramps, and supporting overall nerve health. 

• Stress & Anxiety Management: Helps regulate the HPA axis (the body’s stress response system), maintaining a calm, focused state during demanding days.
• Muscle Relaxation: Reduces daily tension, cramping, or spasms, particularly for those with physically active routines.
• Energy Production: Supports energy production (ATP), helping to combat fatigue rather than acting as a sedative.
• Consistent Routine: Morning intake makes it easier to remember for daily supplementation. 

Men's multivitamins effectively reduce micronutrient inadequacies commonly found in the male population, particularly for vitamins D, B6, B12, C, E, and minerals like magnesium.[1-2]
Evidence for disease prevention benefits is limited to a modest reduction in total cancer incidence.[3-4]
Among U.S. adults not using supplements, inadequate intakes are prevalent—100% for vitamin D, 90% for choline, 55% for vitamin K, and 45% for vitamin C.[2]
Most frequent multivitamin use (≥21 days per month) virtually eliminates inadequacies for most examined nutrients except calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D, while maintaining intakes below the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (prevalence of excess typically ≤4%).[2]
In healthy older men (>67 years), multivitamin supplementation improved blood concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate, calcifediol, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene throughout a 6-month study period.[5]
1. Addressing Nutritional Gaps With Multivitamin and Mineral Supplements.
Nutrition Journal. 2014. Ward E.
2. Impact of Frequency of Multi-Vitamin/­Multi-Mineral Supplement Intake on Nutritional Adequacy and Nutrient Deficiencies in U.S. Adults.
Nutrients. 2017. Blumberg JB, et al.
3. Vitamin and Mineral Supplements for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
The Journal of the AMA. 2022. O'Connor EA, et al.
4. Multivitamins in the Prevention of Cancer in Men: The Physicians' Health Study II Randomized Controlled Trial.
The Journal of the AMA. 2012. Gaziano JM, et al.
5. Multivitamin/­Multimineral Supplementation Prevents or Reverses Decline in Vitamin Biomarkers and Cellular Energy Metabolism in Healthy Older Me.
Nutrients. 2023. Michels AJ, et al.

Multivitamin supplements fall into two main categories: whole food and synthetic.
Both contain nutrients that can supplement your diet.
The distinction lies in the fact that the nutrients in synthetic supplements are artificially produced.
This can make it more challenging for your body to recognize and process these nutrients because they differ from what you regularly consume.
Whole food multivitamins are nutritional supplements that provide a concentrated version of the nutrients found in fruits, vegetables, and eggs.
Due to their natural ingredients, your body can more easily absorb the contents of these supplements and enjoy their benefits.
Revisiting Food-Sourced Vitamins for Consumer Diet and Health Needs: A Perspective Review, From Vitamin Classification, Metabolic Functions, Absorption, Utilization, to Balancing Nutritional Requirements.
PeerJ. 2021. Ofoedu CE, Iwouno JO, Ofoedu EO, et al.

Taking whole food multivitamins has been shown to offer numerous health benefits.
These supplements provide more of the nutrients your body needs, such as calcium, dietary fiber, and potassium.
Having a more comprehensive daily nutritional profile can enhance immune system response, energy levels, focus, and even performance in physical activities.
Long-term use of whole food multivitamins has been associated with other significant benefits.
Studies have found connections between taking whole food multivitamins and improved memory, better eye health, and a reduced risk of heart disease.
Impact of Frequency of Multi-Vitamin/­Multi-Mineral Supplement Intake on Nutritional Adequacy and Nutrient Deficiencies in U.S. Adults.
Nutrients. 2017. Blumberg JB, Frei BB, Fulgoni VL, Weaver CM, Zeisel SH

What type of zinc should I take for acne?

A dose of between 80 to 140 mg elemental zinc is recommended for the treatment of acne. The RDI (recommended daily intake) ranges from 10 to 15 mg. Some studies have shown that zinc sulphate is the most effective type of zinc supplement for the management of acne. Higher doses can cause side effects such as abdominal upset. 

• Treats zinc deficiency. Zinc supplements are often used to help treat and prevent zinc deficiency. ...
• May improve immune function. ...
• May promote blood sugar management. ...
• Helps fight acne. ...
• May improve heart health. ...
• Slows macular degeneration.

The POWER FLORA probiotics for dogs and cats is stable until it comes in contact with moisture ( water, digestive fluids, saliva, and raw moist food). Once you mix it with moist raw meats the moisture will bring the probiotic strains to life and it will not be as effective by the time you feed it to them ( If you were feeding dry kibble it wouldn't be an issue). Because of that it is recommended to mix it in right before feeding time.

• Constant Itching. Itching and scratching are frequent dog problems. ...
• Foul Odour. Yeast overgrowth is the most common cause of a stinky dog (Candida). ...
• Excessive Shedding. Excessive shedding is a symptom of physical stress. ...
• Dry and Flaky Skin. ...
• Ear Infection. ...
• Diarrhea.

A series of clinical studies suggest that BioPQQ supports cognitive health by promoting nerve growth factor in the brain as well as the creation of mitochondria, the powerhouse of cells that are critical to brain and heart functioning.

Interest in supplements to support brain health has risen dramatically in recent years. It’s not only older populations who are interested in maintaining brain health. Increasingly, younger consumers are seeking greater mental focus and acuity to keep up with today’s fast-paced lifestyle.

All-natural BioPQQ® is manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical 

Nootropics are substances used to enhance brain functions like memory, mental focus, motivation, and creativity (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27656235/).

PQQ supplements are manufactured via a unique bacterial fermentation process. The PQQ is harvested from certain bacteria that naturally produce this compound as a byproduct of their metabolism (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080885049002142).

May help lower inflammation

Early research indicates that PQQ has anti-inflammatory effects. In turn, these properties may reduce your risk of various inflammatory ailments.

One animal study found that mice given PQQ had significantly less inflammatory damage to brain tissue, compared with the control group (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25314304/).

In another study in obese mice treated with PQQ during pregnancy and lactation, their offspring exhibited significantly fewer inflammatory markers in liver tissue and were less likely to express inflammatory genes than the offspring of mice that didn’t get PQQ (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28007783/).

One small, 3-day study in 10 people evaluated the effects of taking a daily PQQ supplement on common markers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and blood sugar and cholesterol levels (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24231099/).

CRP and IL-6 levels dropped significantly, but no meaningful changes in cholesterol or blood sugar occurred (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24231099/).

May improve mitochondrial function

Recent research on PQQ largely focuses on its mitochondrial effects.

Mitochondria are responsible for producing the energy that your cells require to stay healthy and function optimally. Poor mitochondrial health is implicated in a variety of common conditions, including mental decline, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29163365/).

Experts note that enhanced mitochondrial health may be behind many of the broad health claims associated with PQQ, such as improved memory, energy, and sleep.

Several test-tube and animal studies indicate that PQQ increases cellular mitochondria production via several complex pathways, (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29185343/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19861415/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26646764/).

Still, a small, 8-week study in 17 people found that taking 20 mg of PQQ daily resulted in significant self-reported improvements in sleep quality and fatigue (https://www.ffhdj.com/index.php/ffhd/article/view/81/175). The study authors noted that these effects may have been due to PQQ’s influence on mitochondrial health.

One small study examined quercetin's possible effects on inflammation, disease severity, and symptoms in women with rheumatoid arthritis. The trial included 50 individuals who were sorted into a quercetin supplementation group or a placebo group for eight weeks. Quercetin users took 500 milligrams (mg) daily.

After eight weeks, those who received quercetin reported significantly reduced early morning stiffness, morning pain, and after-activity pain, according to the results. Quercetin users also had reduced markers of inflammation compared to those in the placebo group.

The effect of quercetin on inflammatory factors and clinical symptoms in women with rheumatoid arthritis: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. 
Javadi F, Ahmadzadeh A, Eghtesadi S, et al. 
J Am Coll Nutr. 2017;36(1):9-15. doi:10.1080/07315724.2016.1140093

• Quercetin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that might help reduce swelling, kill cancer cells, control blood sugar, and help prevent heart disease.
• Bromelain is a highly effective anti-inflammatory that can help to relieve joint and connective tissue pain, and reduce C-reactive protein, the inflammation marker.
• Bromelain magnifies the efficacy of quercetin.
• Quercetin has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, immunomodulatory, and cardio-protective actions.
• Bromelain reduces inflammation in women suffering from endometriosis and even shrinks the size and number of cysts.

This anxiolytic effect of quercetin has been shown to be due to its anti-inflammatory effects and appropriate regulation of BDNF and iNOS expression. Thus, quercetin provides the potential as a therapeutic agent to inhibit anxiety-like symptoms in neuropsychiatric diseases, such as anxiety.

Protective Effects of Quercetin on Anxiety-Like Symptoms and Neuroinflammation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Rats.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7204389

A diet rich in quercetin has various health-promoting benefits. It acts as an agent to lower coagulation, hyperglycemia, inflammation, and hypertension. Various clinical studies show that supplementation of quercetin is used to prevent and treat various chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders.

Health Benefits of Quercetin in Age-Related Diseases, Deepika and Pawan Kumar Maurya.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9032170/

.

The flavonoid Quercetin is not the same as CoQ10. As mentioned above, quercetin is a dietary flavonoid found in numerous fruits and vegetables, particularly onions, kale, and chili peppers. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a biologically active quinone that plays a vital role in the mitochondrial electron transport chain.

Flavonoid content of U.S. fruits, vegetables, and nuts.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17177529/

Vitamins D3 and K2 play complementary roles in calcium metabolism, with vitamin D promoting the production of vitamin K-dependent proteins that require vitamin K for carboxylation to function properly.[1] Vitamin D enhances intestinal calcium absorption and maintains serum calcium levels, while vitamin K2 ensures proper calcium utilization through carboxylation of key proteins.[1]
Specifically, K2 acts as a cofactor for the carboxylation of osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein (MGP), converting undercarboxylated forms (ucOC and ucMGP) to their carboxylated, active forms (cOC and cMGP).[2] Carboxylated osteocalcin facilitates calcium deposition in bone and contributes to bone quality and strength, while carboxylated MGP prevents vascular calcification by chelating calcium from the blood.[2] This coordinated action prevents the paradox of osteoporosis coexisting with vascular calcification.[1] Animal and human studies suggest that optimal concentrations of both vitamins are more beneficial for bone and cardiovascular health than either vitamin alone.[1][3]

1. The Synergistic Interplay Between Vitamins D and K for Bone and Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative Review.
International Journal of Endocrinology. 2017. van Ballegooijen AJ, Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Grübler MR, Verheyen N.

2.Molecular Pathways and Roles for Vitamin K2-7 as a Health-Beneficial Nutraceutical: Challenges and Opportunities.

3.The Importance of Vitamin K and the Combination of Vitamins K and D for Calcium Metabolism and Bone Health: A Review.

Answer: Sea buckthorn contains nearly 200 types of nutritive and bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins, carotenoids, fatty acids, triterpenoids, vitamins, and phytosterols.[1-2] The oil extracted from seeds or pulp is characterized by high concentrations of lipophilic constituents, most notably unsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols (especially beta-sitosterol), and vitamins A and E.[3]
The beneficial properties of sea buckthorn oil against cardiovascular disorders have been attributed to its high unsaturated fatty acid content and diverse range of phytosterols.[3] The oil demonstrates multiple health benefits including anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, antioxidant properties, anti-cancer activities, hepatoprotection, cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, and radioprotection.[1] Sea buckthorn also exhibits anti-diabetic and anti-obesity activity, making it relevant for metabolic syndrome management.[3][4] Toxicological studies have demonstrated that neither the fruits nor the seeds of sea buckthorn have shown toxic effects, supporting its safety for long-term supplementation.[3]
1. The Bioactive Components as Well as the Nutritional and Health Effects of Sea Buckthorn.
RSC Advances. 2020. Ren R, Li N, Su C, et al.
2. Bioactive Compounds, Health Benefits and Functional Food Products of Sea Buckthorn: A Review.
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2021. Wang K, Xu Z, Liao X.
3. The Beneficial Health Aspects of Sea Buckthorn (Elaeagnus Rhamnoides (L.) A.Nelson) Oil.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2018. Olas B.
4. Vitamin K: Double Bonds Beyond Coagulation Insights Into Differences Between Vitamin K1 and K2 in Health and Disease.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019. Halder M, Petsophonsakul P, Akbulut AC, et al.

Daily supplementation with 2,000 IU (50 mcg) of vitamin D3 can raise serum 25(OH)D levels above 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L) in most individuals, which is the threshold at which disease and mortality risks are significantly lower compared to levels below 20 ng/mL.[9] For greater protection against adverse health outcomes, doses between 4,000 and 6,000 IU daily may achieve serum concentrations of 40-70 ng/mL.[1]
Current guidelines often rely heavily on randomized controlled trials that frequently show neutral results due to high baseline 25(OH)D concentrations, moderate supplementation doses, and design limitations.[1] Serum concentrations above 30 ng/mL significantly lower disease and mortality risks, yet approximately 25% of the U.S. population and 60% of Central Europeans have levels below 20 ng/mL.[1] When vitamin D is supplemented at high doses, combination with vitamin K2 is recommended to prevent vascular calcification, effectively elevating the supplement regimen from basic nutrition to a pharmacological intervention with distinct therapeutic potential.[2]
1. Vitamin D: Evidence-Based Health Benefits and Recommendations for Population Guidelines.
Nutrients. 2025. Grant WB, Wimalawansa SJ, Pludowski P, Cheng RZ.
2. Modulation of Cardiometabolic Risk by Vitamin D and K2: Simple Supplementation or Real Drug? Uncovering the Pharmacological Properties.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025. D'Elia S, Bottino R, Carbone A, et al.New

Sea buckthorn has significant cardioprotective activity through multiple mechanisms, including inhibiting blood platelet activation (especially platelet aggregation), lowering cholesterol concentration and blood pressure, and providing antioxidant activity.[11] The cardiovascular benefits are primarily attributed to the oil's composition of unsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols (particularly beta-sitosterol), and antioxidant vitamins.[7][11]
The bioactive compounds in sea buckthorn provide health benefits by scavenging free radicals, regulating enzyme activities, and modulating signaling pathways.[8] The oil demonstrates anti-atherogenic properties and may help modify cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disorders.[5][7] 
Additionally, sea buckthorn possesses potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, which contribute to cardiovascular protection by reducing inflammatory processes associated with atherosclerosis and vascular dysfunction.[5] The plant's leaves and fruits, along with its oils, serve as sources of vitamins (A, C, and E), unsaturated fatty acids, phenolic compounds (especially flavonoids), and phytosterols, which collectively bestow positive effects on the cardiovascular system.[11]

MK-7 demonstrates superior bioavailability and a longer half-life compared to vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and menaquinone-4 (MK-4).[2][4] This enhanced pharmacokinetic profile allows MK-7 to promote γ-carboxylation of extrahepatic vitamin K-dependent proteins at nutritional doses around the recommended daily intake, whereas vitamin K1 and MK-4 require higher doses to achieve similar effects.[2]

The structural differences between vitamin K forms result in distinct absorption rates, tissue distribution, and bioavailability.[4] 

MK-7 is absorbed more readily than other vitamin K forms and maintains therapeutic concentrations for extended periods, making it the preferred form for extrahepatic benefits including bone health and cardiovascular protection.[2] 

Additionally, MK-7 upregulates osteoprotegerin, a decoy receptor for RANK ligand (RANKL), thereby inhibiting bone resorption, and demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory activity through suppression of proinflammatory mediators including IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF-α.[2]

Evidence from human research clearly shows both that a significant proportion of the populations of developed countries suffer from deficiencies or insufficiencies in one or more of this group of vitamins, and that, in the absence of an optimal diet, administration of the entire B-vitamin group, rather than a small sub-set, at doses greatly in excess of the current governmental recommendations, would be a rational approach for preserving brain health.

B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy—A Review,  David O. Kennedy

B vitamins play a vital role in maintaining good health and well-being. As the building blocks of a healthy body, B vitamins have a direct impact on your energy levels, brain function, and cell metabolism.
Vitamin B complex may help prevent infections and help support or promote:

• cell health
• growth of red blood cells
• energy levels
• eyesight
• brain function
• digestion
• appetite
• proper nerve function
• hormones and cholesterol production
• cardiovascular health
• muscle tone

People with vitamin B deficiency may experience:

• fatigue, weakness or a general lack of energy
• numbness or tingling in their hands and feet
• weakened muscles and slow reflexes
• ‘shakiness’ when walking or difficulty keeping balance
• more severe symptoms include confusion, a loss of memory, depression and dementia.

• thiamin (B1)
• riboflavin (B2)
• niacin (B3)
• pantothenic acid (B5)
• pyridoxine (B6)
• biotin (B7)
• folate or 'folic acid' when included in supplements (B9)
• cyanocobalamin (B12).

A study in 60 adults with depression showed that treatment with a vitamin B complex for 60 days led to significant improvements in depression and anxiety symptoms, compared with a placebo. B vitamins may also enhance treatment response when given in combination with antidepressant medication.

The Effect of Methylated Vitamin B Complex on Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms and Quality of Life in Adults with Depression

Vitamins are micronutrients that have physiological effects on various biological responses, including host immunity. Therefore, vitamin deficiency leads to increased risk of developing infectious, allergic, and inflammatory diseases. Since B vitamins are synthesized by plants, yeasts, and bacteria, but not by mammals, mammals must acquire B vitamins from dietary or microbial sources, such as the intestinal microbiota. Similarly, some intestinal bacteria are unable to synthesize B vitamins and must acquire them from the host diet or from other intestinal bacteria for their growth and survival. This suggests that the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota may affect host B vitamin usage and, by extension, host immunity. Here, we review the immunological functions of B vitamins and their metabolism by intestinal bacteria with respect to the control of host immunity.

1. Metabolism of Dietary and Microbial Vitamin B Family in the Regulation of Host Immunity

Although dietary B vitamins are generally absorbed through the small intestine, bacterial B vitamins are produced and absorbed mainly through the colon (1), indicating that dietary and gut microbiota-derived B vitamins are possibly handled differently by the human body

1. Said HM. Intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins in health and disease.

The B-vitamins comprise a group of eight water soluble vitamins that perform essential, closely inter-related roles in cellular functioning, acting as co-enzymes in a vast array of catabolic and anabolic enzymatic reactions. Their collective effects are particularly prevalent to numerous aspects of brain function, including energy production, DNA/RNA synthesis/repair, genomic and non-genomic methylation, and the synthesis of numerous neurochemicals and signaling molecules. However, human epidemiological and controlled trial investigations, and the resultant scientific commentary, have focused almost exclusively on the small sub-set of vitamins (B₉/B₁₂/B₆) that are the most prominent (but not the exclusive) B-vitamins involved in homocysteine metabolism. Scant regard has been paid to the other B vitamins. This review describes the closely inter-related functions of the eight B-vitamins and marshals evidence suggesting that adequate levels of all members of this group of micronutrients are essential for optimal physiological and neurological functioning.
Furthermore, evidence from human research clearly shows both that a significant proportion of the populations of developed countries suffer from deficiencies or insufficiencies in one or more of this group of vitamins, and that, in the absence of an optimal diet, administration of the entire B-vitamin group, rather than a small sub-set, at doses greatly in excess of the current governmental recommendations, would be a rational approach for preserving brain health.

B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy—A Review

Nutritional Support: As women age, their nutritional requirements may change due to factors such as hormonal changes, reduced absorption of certain nutrients, and lifestyle factors. A multivitamin supplement can help address potential nutrient deficiencies and provide essential vitamins and minerals necessary for overall health and well-being.

Bone Health: Women over forty are at a higher risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures. Some multivitamin supplements may contain calcium, vitamin D, and other nutrients that support bone health and reduce the risk of fractures. However, additional calcium and vitamin D supplementation may be necessary based on individual needs and bone health status.

Heart Health: Cardiovascular disease becomes a significant concern for women as they age. Certain multivitamin formulations may include nutrients like vitamin B, vitamin E, and omega-3 fatty acids, which have been linked to heart health benefits. However, the evidence for the effectiveness of multivitamins in preventing heart disease is mixed, and lifestyle factors such as a balanced diet and regular exercise remain crucial for heart health.

Energy and Vitality: Women in their forties and beyond often experience changes in energy levels and vitality. Multivitamin supplements can provide a range of B vitamins that support energy metabolism and overall vitality. However, it's important to remember that a multivitamin should not replace a healthy diet and lifestyle.

Water-Soluble Vitamins: Unlike fat-soluble vitamins, which are stored in the body, water-soluble vitamins (B and C) are not stored and are excreted from the body. Therefore, it is important to consume these essential vitamins daily.
Promotes Healthy Aging: As we grow older, our bodies require more nutrients, but it becomes more challenging for the body to absorb them. Additionally, medications can deplete our nutrient levels. Taking a multivitamin can help counteract these deficiencies.
Supports Heart Health: Research indicates that a high-quality multivitamin may lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. Vitamins B1, B2, B6, K1, Niacin (B3), CoQ10, and magnesium all contribute to cardiovascular health.
Reduces Cancer Risk: Studies have linked vitamin use to a decreased risk of certain cancers. In fact, a study of 14,000 men aged 50 and older found that daily multivitamin supplementation significantly reduced the risk of total cancer.
Boosts Immunity: Vitamin C is a potent antioxidant known for strengthening the immune system, while vitamins D and E also support immunity and can help alleviate allergy symptoms.
Supports Eye Health: Vitamins A, C, E, Niacin (B3), and selenium promote eye health, and lutein and zeaxanthin protect the eyes from harmful light waves. Research has shown that multivitamins containing these vitamins and nutrients can reduce the risk of macular degeneration.
Promotes Healthy Hair and Skin: Recent studies suggest that vitamins B3 (Niacin), biotin, and Vitamin C contribute to fuller hair, while vitamins A, C, E, and CoQ10 support healthy skin.
Enhances Well-Being: Multivitamins, particularly those containing Vitamin B, are associated with increased energy levels, improved well-being, and reduced stress and anxiety, making it worthwhile to maintain a multivitamin routine.

Omega 3 fish oil, Vitamin D, and Magnesium are three essential vitamins that can improve overall health and well-being.
Omega 3 fish oil can improve brain function and reduce inflammation.
Vitamin D can support bone health and boost immune function, and magnesium can support muscle and nerve function and reduce stress and anxiety.
While these vitamins can be found in certain foods, taking a supplement can ensure that you are getting enough to meet your individual needs.
Remember, it is important to talk to your doctor before starting any new supplement regimen.

Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man. Biochem Soc Trans. 2017;45(5):1105-1115. Holick MF.
The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: a forgotten hormone important for health. Public Health Rev. 2010;32(1):267-283. Volpe SL.
Magnesium in disease prevention and overall health. Adv Nutr. 2013;4(3):378S-383S. Chinni V, Uppaluri KR.
Vitamin D Deficiency. Jasleen Kaur; Swapnil Khare; Omeed Sizar; Amy Givler.
Omega-3 fatty acids and depression: scientific evidence and biological mechanisms. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014.

Women over 50 should prioritize calcium (1000-1200 mg/day total intake) and vitamin D (600-800 IU/day) for bone health, preferably obtained through diet with supplementation as needed to meet these targets.[1-3] These are the most consistently recommended supplements based on evidence for fracture prevention and bone density maintenance.
The Institute of Medicine recommends a dietary allowance of 1200 mg/day calcium and 600-800 IU/day vitamin D for postmenopausal women.[2] Dietary sources are preferred over supplements when possible, as excessive supplemental calcium (particularly when total intake exceeds 2000 mg/day) increases kidney stone risk.[1-2] 
Most postmenopausal women in the United States already consume approximately 1000 mg calcium daily from diet alone, so supplementation should be individualized based on dietary intake.[1]
For vitamin D, maintaining serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of at least 20-30 ng/mL is recommended, which can typically be achieved with 1000 IU daily supplementation.[1][3]
Women with documented osteoporosis should have their vitamin D levels checked.[1]

Additional supplements that may benefit specific conditions include:

• Vitamin K (particularly K2) and magnesium may support bone health, though evidence is less conclusive than for calcium and vitamin D[4-5]
• Vitamin C has some support for bone health maintenance[4][6]
• B vitamins (B6, B12, folate) are important during this life stage[6-7]
• Omega-3 fatty acids may reduce cardiovascular disease risk[6][8]

However, routine supplementation beyond calcium and vitamin D cannot be broadly recommended for healthy postmenopausal women without specific deficiencies or medical conditions.[4]

Women should focus on adequate dietary intake and consider supplementation only when dietary sources are insufficient or specific deficiencies are documented.

1. Pharmacological Management of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline.
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2019. Eastell R, Rosen CJ, Black DM, et al.
2. The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trials and Clinical Practice: A Review.
The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2024. Manson JE, Crandall CJ, Rossouw JE, et al.
3. Postmenopausal Osteoporosis.
The New England Journal of Medicine. 2023. Walker MD, Shane E.
4. A Review of Select Vitamins and Minerals Used by Postmenopausal Women.
Maturitas. 2010. Dennehy C, Tsourounis C.
5. Calcium, Vitamin D, Vitamin K2, and Magnesium Supplementation and Skeletal Health.
Maturitas. 2020. Capozzi A, Scambia G, Lello S.
6. The Importance of Nutrition in Menopause and Perimenopause-a Review.
Nutrients. 2023. Erdélyi A, Pálfi E, Tűű L, et al.
7. Navigating Nutrition Through the Decades: Tailoring Dietary Strategies to Women's Life Stages.
Nutrition. 2025. Harak SS, Shelke SP, Mali DR, Thakkar AA.
8. Micronutrients — Assessment, Requirements, Deficiencies, and Interventions.
The New England Journal of Medicine. 2025. Allen LH.